Fab Study

FOOD CHAIN The transfer of food energy from the producers through a series of organisms with repeated eating and being eaten, is known as food chain. The solar energy is traped in the ecosystem by the green plants and produce energy rich carbohydrates. These green plants are known as primary producers. The green plants are eaten by plant eaters also called primary consumers. Herbivores  are in turn eater by meat eaters also called secondary consumers. Secondary consumers in turn may be still eaten by other carnivores which are known as tertiary consumers. After decay of both plants and animals simpler compounds are being released into the atmosphere due to the activity of deco posers which are re utilized by green plants. In nature we generally distinguish two types of food chain  ----- Gazing food chain and detritus food chain. Example-  A food chain in grassland ecosystem starts with grass and goes through grasshopper , the frogs , the snake and finally the Hawks.

WHAT IS ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS? An ecological pyramid may be a graphical representation of the connection between the various living organisms at different trophic levels. It was given by G.Evylen Hutchinson and Raymond Lindeman. It are often observed that these pyramids are within the shape of actual pyramids with the bottom being the broadest, which is roofed by rock bottom trophic level, i.e., producers. The next level is occupied by the next trophic level, i.e., the primary consumers and so on. All the calculations for construction of those sorts of ecological pyramids must take under consideration all the organisms during a particular trophic level because a sample space of a couple of numbers or a couple of species will find yourself giving an enormous level of errors. Types of Ecological Pyramid Three sorts of ecological pyramid exist. they're as follows: Pyramid of Numbers pyramid of biomass Pyramid of energy Pyramids of numbers In this sort of ecological pyramid

Hutchinson was a british botanist in royal botanical garden kiwi. He proposed a phylogenetic classification in his book "Family of flowering plants". The last edition of this book was printed in 1972. (Source wikipedia) Hutchinsion gave some rules to determine the primitive of plants. These rules are also known as principle of phylogeny. These are 24 principle. The classification is based on principle of phylogeny was suggested by john Hutchinson in his volume 2 in 1969. He published evolution and phylogeny of flowering plants. PRINCIPLE OF PHYLOGENY  Evolution is both upward & downward.  Evolution is does not necessary involved all organ of the plant at a time.  Evolution has been generally consistent.  Tree & shrub are more primitive than herb.  In one family and genera the tree and shrub are older than climbwords.  Perrenial are primitive than binnial.  Aquatic flowering plants are drive from terrestrial.  Collateral vascular bundle arising in a pri

What is Nodal Anatomy? It is the branch of botany which deals with internal structure and organization of plant or the plant organs are called plant anatomy. N.Grew (1641-1712)  is known as father of plant anatomy. K.A Chaudhary  is the father of indian plant anatomy. Anatomy of Nodal and internodal region are different:- The stem of plant is differentiated into nodes and internodes. The anatomical features of internodal region are is quiet different from that of the internodal region. This anatomical difference is due to the prescence of vascular supply to the leaves and branches from the main vascular cylinder of the stem. Nodal region of higher plants posses leaf gaps & leaf traces:- Each leaf that originates from the node, of higher plants possess vascular tissue of the leaves are connected to that of the stem. A vascular strand that extends between the vascular cylinder of stem and the leaf is called leaf trace or foliar trace. Even if the trace possess both xylem and phloem

Thallus organization in fungi Basically, thallus are divided in to two types. 1. Unicellular 2. Multicellular 1. Unicellular thallus:-   Unicellular organization occur in  some fungal groups. The most widely known are the yeast. Unicellular organization can be found in several fungi with motile zoospores in their life cycles. In Kingdom Fungi only the chytrids have both sexual and asexual motile flagellar cell which are generally posterior whiplash opisthokonts. Source Wikipedia 2. Multicellular thallus:-  Multicellular  fungi reproduce by making spores. Mold is a multicellular fungus. It consists of filaments called hyphae that can bunch together in to structure called mycelia. Source Wikipedia Hypha- Fungus body made of tiny filaments called hyphae. The group of hyphae is called mycelium. Hyphae are three types. 1. Uninucleate 2. Binucleate 3. Multinucleate Septa- Septa are two types. 1. Simplepore- Ex- Ascomycotina Source Wikipedia 2.D